“April is the cruellest
month, breeding
lilacs out of the dead
land, mixing
memory and desire,
stirring
dull roots with spring
rain.”
Thus begins the trend setting poem, The Waste
Land, by T S Eliot.The deeply religious person that he is, Eliot probably
wrote, April is the cruellest month, because, Jesus was crucified in April.
But for us who have
suffered another pandemic, April is cruel in another sense too.
In the northern hemisphere, April is classically associated with
spring- “breeding lilacs out of the dead land” is a very heavy,
depressed way to describe the blooming of flowers. He sees the same things as
everyone else, but there is no joy there. A sense of loss and longing, of
being rooted in the past, and spring, re-awakening memories of things that have
passed.
He further says:
“Winter kept us warm,
covering
Earth in forgetful snow, feeding
A little life with dried tubers. ”
It means, winter was
better than spring. He is giving us an insight into a mind that doesn’t revel
in these things as might be expected. An old literature teacher once put it
thus: when your arm is numb, you don’t feel it. But when the blood flows again,
and the pins and needles come, suddenly you know about it. It’s not (emotional)
numbness that hurts; it’s the return of feeling. Anyone who has dealt with
long-term depression can probably feel the connection to what Eliot is
describing here. April is the cruellest month because the life and colour of
spring throws one’s depression into stark relief and forces painful memories to
surface.
Scholars have said he
is invoking Chaucer here.
TS Eliot, by opening
the poem with this line about April is ironically playing off of the opening
line of The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer, whom he considers as the first true
English poet.
Chaucer’s poem, “The
Canterbury Tales” begins thus:
“What that Aprille
with his shoures soote
The droghte of Marche
hath perced to the root
And bathed every veyne
in swich licour
Of which virtue
gendered is the flour”
We would read this in
modern times as, “When that April with his showers sweet, The drought of March has
pierced to the root, And bathed every vein in such liquor, Of which virtue
engendered is the flower.”
So, in The Waste Land,
he is linking his poem to the great past and the founder of English poetry,
Chaucer, but in the process, he is separating April from the notion as the month
of Spring renewal of life; this renewal of natural life is opposite to the
deadness of hope and spirit, as the “Waste Land” now begins and
speaks.
April is the cruellest
month from the perspective of those who have died; even more, from
the perspective of those buried and in hell, viewing with regret heavenly
spring time. While the winter helped them forget what they lost, April made
them see this all too clearly.
The title of this
first of five sections is “The Burial of the Dead” which also suggests that
this section is about those who have died. Tere are lines which suggest that
they are in their graves, covered with warm snow over winter.
Psychiatrists have
said that this is a psychiatric speculation. April is when life rebirths, yet
it is also the month of the year when the suicide rate peaks among major
depression and disorder patients. This is quite paradoxical but completely
suits Eliot’s description of the month. It is also known that Eliot’s wife
suffered from depression. Depression is not a mild disorder and its progress
bears little resemblance to ‘silent implosion’.
There is an argument
that says while he was echoing Chaucer, he was referring to his friend from
Paris, Jean Verdenal, who may have died in April, in WW1. There is an
association between the lilacs in the poem and a later non-poetic reference to
his friend carrying lilacs. More mundanely, spring brings warmth after barren
winter but not the fruits of the earth, the crops that are reaped in autumn. This
critique suggests that the poem was essentially about personal grief rather
than societal decay. Given the state of Europe then, the interpretation of the
poem focusing on social decay, is precious.
April is cruel because
Jesus was crucified; but it is also the month in which he resurrected.
But did Jesus die at
the cross?
In the Fourth Gospel,
it is said, two men performed the Office of the Embalming, winding
it in linen clothes. The women provided spices and ointments.Both
Mathew and Luke say that the Body was taken safely by disciples to a
secret hilly place, for embalming. So, the fact is, Jesus didn’t
die on the Cross;it is there in The
Bible itself. Do you apply ointments to a dead body?
Jewish custom doesn’t
allow the crucified to hang on the Cross over night. In the letter of the
Esseer, in The Crucifixion, emphasis is given to Jesus’ wound on
his side. Nicodemus the Physician knew Jesus was not dead because, if Jesus had
died, the wound would not have bled for such a long time. Nicodemus sent Joseph
of Arimathea, the influential, to Pilate, and he himself went to collect
proper drugs, pretending he wanted to embalm the body.
The wound above the
hip was lower down than what is generally believed. No vital organs were
damaged.The spear pierced only the skin.His feet was not pierced, as it was not
the custom at crucifixions.The earth quake that happened then, electrified
Jesus’ nerves. I want to underline the information that Joseph was sent to
Pilate. For What? Of Course, to facilitate the rescue operation.
At the time of Jesus,
the Tau Cross, in the shape of, ’T’, was used. The Christians think Jesus
carried the entire cross, believing the myriad paintings. It was not so.The
victim carried only the Platibulum or the cross arm, weighing about 110 pounds
or 50 kilograms, to the place of execution.The Stipes, or upright post was
permanently fixed there, and the Platibulum was placed in a notch at the top of
the Stipes.The victim was never nailed on the palms, the nails were driven
between the small bones of the wrist, radial and Ulna. Luke
the physician, in his gospel, says, at Gethsemane, Jesus’ sweat became drops of
blood. In modern medicine, this is called, Hematidrosis.Under emotional stress,
tiny capillaries in the sweat glands can burst.
The crucifixion
usually ended with crurifracture, the breaking of the bones of the legs, which
prevented the victim from pushing himself upward. The legs of the thieves were
broken, but Jesus was spared, thus giving him a chance to survive. The line in
the gospel of John, And immediately there came out blood and water, specifies
Jesus didn’t suffer suffocation.
The bodily ascension
of Jesus to heaven, in Mark and Luke is disproved by Paul’s first letter to the
Corinthians (15:5:50): Now this I say, Brethren, that flesh and blood cannot
inherit the Kingdom of God, neither doth corruption inherit incorruption. The
two disciples present, Mathew and John, doesn’t mention, ascension.
If there is
resurrection, there is no sacrifice through death. If Jesus resurrected, he fails
in comparison with the sacrifice of Prometheus, who stole fire for the entire
humanity from Olympus. A martyr resurrects only in the minds of the humanity. It
is better to think Jesus didn’t resurrect, but, he survived.
If Jesus escaped from
the cross, what happened to him? He lived in India, in Kashmir. It is another
story.
The Waste Land ends thus:
Datta. Dayadhvam.
Damyata.
Shantih
shantih shantih
The poem, thus, ends
in India. It leaves eurocentrism, the philosophy of decay, and finds solace in
Hinduism. This is from the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The
three Sanskrit words mean Restraint, Compassion and Charity.
Lord Brahma, the
Creator in the Hindu Trinity, instructs Devas to show restraint (in enjoying
pleasures), Asuras to be compassionate, and mankind to be charitable. Mankind
has the qualities of both Asuras and Devas, and so mankind should follow all
three instructions. If these three instructions were actually followed , so
many wars could have been averted. If mankind had embraced self-control and
compassion, we wouldn’t be warring all the time.
Shanti means peace. It is uttered thrice
in Shanti mantras invoking the first utterance in the universe, OHM.
Ohm Shantih, Shantih,
Shantih.