THE MYRIAD FORMS OF GANAPATHI

Ganesha, the First God

Being considered the first god, it is our main duty to first worship Lord Ganesha before doing our daily routine work. Being the leader of the Vedas, he is also called Veda Ganesa, and since he is a master of dance, he is called as Narthana Ganapathy. Lord Ganesha is a very simple god, and that’s why we can find a lot of his temples situated under holy trees like the Vanni Tree and Arasa Tree.

Ganesha, also known as Ganapati, Vinayaka, and Pillaiyar, is one of the best-known and most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon.

Although Ganesha has many attributes, he is readily identified by his elephant head. He is widely revered, more specifically, as the remover of obstacles and thought to bring good luck; the patron of arts and sciences; and the deva of intellect and wisdom. As the god of beginnings, he is honoured at the start of rites and ceremonies. Ganesha is also invoked as a patron of letters and learning during writing sessions. Several texts relate mythological anecdotes associated with his birth and exploits.

Narthana Ganapathi

Lord Ganesha was well established by the 4th and 5th centuries CE, during the Gupta period. Hindu mythology identifies him as the son of Parvati and Shiva, and he is a pan-Hindu god found in its various traditions. In the Ganapatya tradition of Hinduism, Ganesha is the Supreme Being. The principal texts on Ganesha include the Ganesha Purana, the Mudgala Purana and the Ganapati Atharvasirsha.

While some texts say that Ganesha was born with an elephant head, he acquires the head later in most stories. The most recurrent motif in these stories is that Ganesha was created by Parvati using clay to protect her and Shiva beheaded him when Ganesha came between Shiva and Parvati. Shiva then replaced Ganesha's original head with that of an elephant.

Popular stories associate him with the concepts of Buddhi (intellect), Siddhi (spiritual power), and Riddhi (prosperity); these qualities are personified as goddesses, said to be Ganesha's wives. The Shiva Purana says that Ganesha had begotten two sons: Kşema (safety) and Lābha (profit). In northern Indian variants of this story, the sons are often said to be Śubha (auspiciousness) and Lābha. The family includes his brother, the god of war, Kartikeya, who is also called Skanda and Murugan.

Ganesha's earliest name was Ekadanta (One Tusked), referring to his single whole tusk, the other being broken. Some of the earliest images of Ganesha show him holding his broken tusk. The importance of this distinctive feature is reflected in the Mudgala Purana, which states that the name of Ganesha's second incarnation is Ekadanta.

Ganesha's protruding belly appears as a distinctive attribute in his earliest statuary, which dates to the Gupta period. This feature is so important that according to the Mudgala Purana, two different incarnations of Ganesha use names based on it: Lambodara (Pot Belly, or, literally, Hanging Belly) and Mahodara (Great Belly). The Brahmanda Purana says that Ganesha has the name Lambodara because all the universes of the past, present, and future are present in him.

The number of Ganesha's arms varies; his best-known forms have between two and sixteen arms. The serpent is a common feature in Ganesha iconography and appears in many forms. According to the Ganesha Purana, Ganesha wrapped the serpent Vasuki around his neck.

Of the eight incarnations of Ganesha described in the Mudgala Purana, Ganesha uses a mouse (shrew), as a vehicle in five of them, a lion in his incarnation as Vakratunda, a peacock in his incarnation as Vikata, and Shesha, the divine serpent, in his incarnation as Vighnaraja. Mohotkata uses a lion, Mayūreśvara uses a peacock, Dhumraketu uses a horse, and Gajanana uses a mouse, in the four incarnations of Ganesha listed in the Ganesha Purana.

The mouse symbolises those who wish to overcome desires and be less selfish. The rat is destructive and a menace to crops. The Sanskrit word mūṣaka (mouse) is derived from the root mūṣ (stealing, robbing). It was essential to subdue the rat as a destructive pest, a type of vighna (impediment) that needed to be overcome. Showing Ganesha as the master of the rat demonstrates his function as Vigneshvara (Lord of Obstacles).

The epic poem Mahabharata says that the sage Vyasa asked Ganesha to serve as his scribe to transcribe the poem as he dictated it to him. Ganesha agreed but only on the condition that Vyasa recites the poem uninterrupted, that is, without pausing. The sage agreed but found that to get any rest he needed to recite very complex passages so Ganesha would have to ask for clarifications.

According to Kundalini yoga, Ganesha resides in the first chakra, called Muladhara (mūlādhāra). Thus, Ganesha has a permanent abode in every being at the Muladhara.

Ganesha is identified with the Hindu mantra Om. The term oṃkārasvarūpa (Om is his form), when identified with Ganesha, refers to the notion that he personifies the primal sound. The Ganapati Atharvashirsa attests to this association. Swami Chinmayananda, in Glory of Ganesha, translates the relevant passage as follows:

(O Lord Ganapati!) You are (the Trimurti) Brahma, Vishnu, and Mahesa
You are Indra. You are fire [Agni] and air [Vāyu]

You are the sun [Sūrya] and the moon [Chandrama] 

You are Brahman

You are (the three worlds) Bhuloka [earth], Antariksha-Loka [space], and Swargaloka [heaven]

You are Om. (That is to say, You are all this).

Devotees offer Ganesha sweets such as modaka and small sweet balls called laddus. He is often shown carrying a bowl of sweets, called a modakapātra. Because of his identification with the colour red, he is often worshipped with red sandalwood paste (raktachandana) or red flowers. Dūrvā grass (Cynodon dactylon) and other materials are also used in his worship.

Females, especially married women circumambulate the holy trees, in order to give birth to a pious child. Vinayaka means the giver of happiness to us, and once we recite any one of his several names, we would become calm, and we would get good peace of mind.

Vinayaka's worship can be traced back to several millions of years, and still, his worship is going strong day by day. People consider Lord Vinayaka as one of their family members, and they affectionately offer his favourite food Modhakam to him in their homes, and also some would distribute it amongst the devotees in the Vinayaka temples. Vinayaka can also be described as a one-man army, and he is the only god, who removes the obstacles in our lives within a fraction of a second if we worship him sincerely.

The great almighty takes various forms in order to make us worship him easily. By worshipping a formless god, we would not get full confidence in our life. If we worship the god in some form, then we would get great confidence in our life, and we would get more happiness by enjoying the divine beauty of the god.

Thirty-two Forms of Ganapathi

Thirty-two forms of Ganesha are mentioned frequently in devotional literature related to the Hindu god Ganesha (Ganapati). The Ganesha-centric scripture Mudgala Purana is the first to list them.

Detailed descriptions are included in the Shivanidhi portion of the 19th-century Kannada Sritattvanidhi. There are also sculptural representations of these thirty-two forms in the temples at Nanjangud and Chāmarājanagar, both in Mysore district, Karnataka, done about the same time as the paintings were done and also at the direction of the same monarch. Each of the thirty-two illustrations is accompanied by a short Sanskrit meditation verse (dhyānaśloka), written in Kannada script. The meditation verses list the attributes of each form. The text says that these meditation forms are from the Mudgala Purana.

Nritya Ganapathi

Paul Martin-Dubost, in Gaņeśa: The Enchanter of the Three Worlds notes that while the Sritattvanidhi includes many of Ganesha's forms that were known at that time in that area, it does not describe earlier two-armed forms that existed from the 4th century, nor those with fourteen and twenty arms that appeared in Central India in the 9th and 10th centuries.

S K Ramachandra Rao, in The Compendium on Gaņeśa, says that:

"The first sixteen of the forms of Gaṇapati shown [in the Sritattvanidhi] are more popularly worshipped under the name shoḍaśa-gaṇapati. Among them, the thirteenth, viz. Mahāgaṇapati is especially widely worshipped. There is a tāntrik sect which is devoted to this form. Śakti-gaṇapati, Ucchishṭa-gaṇapati and Lakshmī-gaṇapati are also tāntrik forms, which receive worship which is cultic and esoteric. Heraṃba-gaṇapati is popular in Nepāl".

Significance of Narthana Ganapati

Nritya Ganapati is regarded as the 15th among the 32 different forms of Ganapati. The Sanskrit word ‘Nritya’ means ‘dance.’ Nritya Ganapati, as the name suggests, is a dancer or a happy dancer, and thus represents the relaxed and enjoyable form of the Lord. This Ganapati is depicted dancing under the divine, wish-fulfilling Kalpa Vriksha tree. With one foot placed on the ground and the other raised, as during a dance, he is shining in golden yellow colour and has four hands. While he holds his own broken tusk in his principal right hand, an elephant goad, a battle axe, and a noose are there in his other hands. Rings are seen in his fingers and his trunk, curled in the end, is holding his favourite snack, Modak (dumpling). In some depictions, one of his hands is shown as holding the sweet meat.

This form of Ganesha can be seen as a painting in the Kerala capital Thiruvananthapuram and also as a sculpture in the Pazhavangadi Ganesha temple there. The sculptures showing this form of Ganesha can also be found in some temples in the Mysore region, where all the 32 Ganapati forms are on display. Nritya Ganapati can also be worshipped in an idol form, in the Magudeshwarar temple in Kodumudi near Karur town, in the state of Tamil Nadu.

Magham Star, also known as Magha Nakshatra is said to be related to this aspect of Ganapati.

Nritya Ganapati is a happy and kind-hearted aspect of the Lord. This dancer form also shows Ganapati as a connoisseur of fine arts. Hence his worship is believed to bestow the devotees with an aptitude for learning fine arts, proficiency in them, and also success and fame in that field. Hence this Lord is widely worshipped by artists, and especially by dancers.

The mantra, which reads as under in Sanskrit, sings the praise of this ‘dancing Lord,’ describes his appearance and prays for his blessings.

Paashamkushaa Poopakutaar Dhanta-

Chanchath Karamkluptha Varaanguleeyakam

Peethaprabham Kukshihikarastha Dhantam

Bhajaaminruththop Padham Ganesham

Dancing under the boon tree, He has four arms. He is golden in colour. His hands hold the single tusk, the elephant goad, the noose, the axe (parashu) or the hatchet (kuthâra).

The dhyâna sloka specifies that one of the four hands can show a cake apûpa.

Chanting the Nritya Ganapati mantra with faith can be an effective means of propitiating the powerful Lord. Dancers and musicians, particularly in southern India, begin art performances such as the Bharatnatyam dance with a prayer to Ganesha.

© Ramachandran 

DOLLAR HEGEMONY OVER, A NEW ROAD MAP IN VIEW

 SCO Summit Decides on a New Course of Action

The leaders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) at the recent summit at Samarkand have decided to conduct bilateral trade and investment and issue bonds in local and national currencies instead of US dollars and UK Pounds or Euros.

The group - which comprises China, India, Russia, Pakistan and Iran alongside four Central Asian states - in a declaration said "interested SCO member states" had agreed on a "roadmap for the gradual increase in the share of national currencies in mutual settlements", and called for an expansion of the practice.

The declaration did not say who the "interested states" were. It is significant that Iran, like Russia, subject to broad international economic and financial sanctions, has also joined the SCO and is an oil-producing country.

Both China and Moscow are the driving force behind the push toward national currencies as it tries to reduce their reliance on the U.S. dollar and other Western currencies for trade following the imposition of sweeping new Western sanctions in response to the Ukraine crisis.

In his speech at the summit, Chinese President Xi Jinping said: "We need to ensure implementation of the roadmap for SCO member states to expand shares of local currency settlement, better develop the system for cross-border payment and settlement in local currencies, work for the establishment of an SCO development bank, and thus speed up regional economic integration".

The Chinese yuan became the most traded currency on the Moscow Exchange for the first time on October 4, 2022, with trading turnover in the yuan-ruble pair reaching 70.3 billion rubles ($1.17 billion), surpassing the 68.2 billion rubles for the dollar-ruble pair. A total of 64,900 transactions were made using the yuan-ruble pair, compared with 29,500 for the dollar-ruble pair on the same day. The yuan also overtook trading in the euro-ruble pair, which recorded a trading volume of 47.5 billion rubles.

In the first eight months of 2022, trade between China and Russia totalled $117.2 billion, up 31.4 percent year on year.

In early September, China and Russia reportedly signed an agreement to switch trade payments for gas supplies to China to the yuan and the ruble based on a 50-50 split, instead of the dollar, paving the way for a more frequent ruble-yuan usage in bilateral trade.

In the first week of September, the Russian gas producer Gazprom said China would pay for half its Russian gas supplies in rubles and half in Chinese yuan. Previous contracts have been denominated in euros or dollars, the dominant reference currency for the global oil trade.

In August, Russia's largest gold miner, PJSC Polyus, completed the issuance of 4.6 billion yuan in bonds, less than one month after Russian aluminium company Rusal issued 4 billion yuan-denominated bonds in the Russian market. The bonds were listed on the Moscow Exchange with a coupon rate of 3.8 percent. The bond underwriter was Gazprombank.

The issuance of foreign-currency bonds means China is a strong economy, has stable financial and monetary policies and a large capital market volume. 

Russian firms and banks were involved in almost 4 percent of international yuan payments by value in July. That was an increase from 1.42 percent the previous month and zero in February when the Russia-Ukraine conflict began.

Yuan-ruble trading volumes have soared 1,067% since the Ukraine crisis, though this is broadly seen as a sign of the allies strengthening ties to help weaken the influence of the US.

Most recently, the People's Bank of China announced it is developing a yuan reserve with the Bank for International Settlements and five other nations, including Singapore and Hong Kong. Each of the members will contribute about 15 billion yuan, or $2.2 billion. 

Also, China will push for the expanded use of the digital yuan from the first four trial cities -- Shenzhen in South China's Guangdong Province, Suzhou in East China's Jiangsu Province, Xiongan New Area in North China's Hebei Province and Chengdu in Southwest China's Sichuan Province -- to province-wide testing, to ramp up the innovation of the digital yuan.

China's Ministry of Finance and the Macao Special Administrative Region (SAR) government have jointly announced a plan to issue yuan-denominated treasury bonds worth 3 billion yuan in Macau on September 7, a move to strengthen financial cooperation between the Chinese mainland and the SAR. And, the Ministry of Finance issued yuan-denominated treasury bonds worth 5 billion yuan in the Hong Kong SAR on August 10.

India is planning to buy Russian oil at discounted prices and even consider the Chinese yuan as a reference currency in an India-Russia payment settlement mechanism. Saudi Arabia is in active talks with Beijing to price some of its oil sales in yuan.

According to bankers, imports from Russia can be paid in yuan via multiple mechanisms. One way is that an India-based bank exchanges US dollars for yuan from its offshore branches in China or Hong Kong.

Another way is for an India-based bank to tie up with a Chinese bank for settlements. It is also possible for an Indian company to directly take a loan in yuan from a China-based bank.

Most state-run banks send dollars to their offshore branches in Singapore, Hong Kong or China.

In June, some 30% of the payments by Indian entities for the commodity were in the Chinese yuan and 28% in the Hong Kong dollar. The euro accounted for under a quarter and the UAE dirham around a sixth.

In July, Russia became India’s third-largest coal supplier with record imports of 2.06 million tonnes.

UltraTech is importing "157,000 tons of coal from Russian producer SUEK that is loaded on the bulk carrier MV Mangas from the Russian Far East port of Vanino," an Indian customs document reviewed by Reuters shows, while the settlement currency is in yuan, with the total cargo valued at 172,652,900 yuan ($25.81 million).

The Road Map

Details and a road map against the US dollar had been finalized and signed at SCO’s Finance Ministers’ meeting in Moscow as early as March 2020, after which the plan was temporarily shelved due to COVID. Representatives from the finance ministries and central banks of China, India, Russia, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan attended the Moscow conference. In addition, Iran, Afghanistan, Belarus, and Mongolia were also present as observer nations.

During the meeting, Russia’s Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov suggested that "each SCO member decide whether they want to use the dollar for transactions, but facts are enough that this currency is unreliable".

The currency roadmap was also agreed upon at the  15 July 2022 meeting of the SCO countries’ industry ministers in Tashkent, as well.

The SCO is the largest regional organisation in the world in terms of geographical coverage and population, covering three-fifths of the Eurasian continent and nearly half of the human population. The new measure will contribute to the stability of monetary systems and the security of the financial activities of the SCO  countries.

Retaliation Against the US War

Former US President Donald Trump had deeply weaponised the dollar during COVID and trade with China was labelled a ‘war’. There have been unilateral sanctions placed on perceived threats and ‘enemy' countries. Countries like China, at the receiving end, have been preparing to hit back, and now it has become a reality.

Trump used sanctions and stopped Russian companies like Rusal Aluminium from accessing the dollar-based financial system in 2017 and then on Rosneft Oil in 2020. Since then the US has had over 30 active financial-and trade sanctions that cut access to the Federal Reserve that have severely destabilised and targeted weaker economies like Iran, Iraq and Venezuela. Trump tried to pressurise the IMF not to assist Iran with the COVID relief package.

As a consequence, all these countries established linkages with China and Russia for trade and economic sustainability. Russia is selling Venezuela’s crude oil. China diverted Iranian crude with Yuan payments and initiated the Iran-China silk route agreements. China is now Iran’s largest trade partner. Iran has diversified trade with Afghanistan and oil for gold with India.

China and Russia have several measures already as cross-border inter-bank payment systems parallel to SWIFT. Both have increased gold holdings to back their currencies and initiated national currency swap agreements in several regional and bilateral arrangements where they play a role.

The BRICS’s New Development Bank, proposed disbursements in national currencies in 2015. In the April 2020 annual board of governors meeting with BRICS finance ministers, the president of the bank K.V. Kamath said that in 2019, a quarter of the USD 15 billion of financial assistance was given in local currencies. He said that BRICS had no intention of destabilising the dollar but  “50 per cent (of projects) should be local currency financed”.

China is reducing its share in US treasury bonds and preparing for currency swap facilities as part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership with South-East Asian countries. Most of the ASEAN countries are ready for this.

Russia, previously a top holder of US sovereign debt, has radically decreased its holdings because of sanctions. Russia’s strategic relations with China deepened after the 2014 partnership and energy-centred agreements. In 2017, Ruble-Yuan's‘ payment versus payment’ started along the BRI. In 2019, the two countries switched to the Yuan RMB and Ruble in exchange for their USD 25 billion trade.

Russia has been pushing for currency swap agreements with various trade partners. The Eurasian Economic Union with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia comprises the ‘road’ part of the BRI. With a population of 183 million and a GDP of some US$ 5 trillion, 70%  of its trade is in Rubles and local currencies. Several Central and West Asian countries want to join this union and Vietnam already has a full trade agreement with them. This saves the exchange charges of the dollar.

Russia revived trade in national currencies that were earlier used during the Soviet period within the communist bloc and with India. This exchange ended with the disintegration of the Soviet Union. 

In 2019, India switched again to Ruble payments for Russian S-400 defence systems because of US sanctions on Moscow. India worked out local currency trade with the UAE and approved USD 75 billion currency swaps with Japan and USD 400 million currency swaps with South Asian countries. India notified non-dollar-mediated rates of exchange for Turkish and Korean currencies. Turkey is trading in national currencies with China and Russia. Russia proposed trade in Euros with the EU.

China is internationalising the Yuan RMB which is included in the IMF basket, has risen to fifth place as a global currency and represents 15% of global currency holding. Russia has 25% of Chinese RMB international reserves.

The US Debt and Shadow Banks

The problem remains that the Yuan is not presently liquid enough for financial markets. So currency will be diversified with no currency maintaining complete hegemony.

Financial markets are complex and the US dollar is still the preferred currency. But countries have followed the contradictions within US policies – like raising debt ceilings to sustain the dollar as a global currency and even concealing lending to certain foreign banks – and have decided they need to protect themselves from this militarised dollar.

The debt ceiling is the maximum amount of money that the United States can borrow cumulatively by issuing bonds. If U.S. government national debt levels bump up against the ceiling, the Treasury Department must resort to other "extraordinary" measures to pay government obligations and expenditures until the ceiling is raised again.

The debt ceiling has been raised or suspended numerous times over the years to avoid the worst-case scenario, which would be a default by the U.S. government on its debt.

There has been controversy over whether the debt ceiling is constitutional. According to the 14th Amendment of the Constitution, "the validity of the public debt of the US, authorized by law...shall not be questioned." The majority of democratic countries do not have a debt ceiling, making the United States one of the few exceptions. The approximate amount of the current U.S. debt ceiling is $ 31.4 trillion, as set by the Congressional vote on 15 December 2021, and signed into law by President Biden on December 16 of the same year. The sum represents a $2.5 trillion increase in the ceiling.

Hitting the debt limit and failing to pay interest payments to bondholders would have grave economic consequences. The United States government would be in default, lowering its credit rating and increasing the cost of its debt. This would throw the U.S. economy into a tailspin.

Another worry for the US is shadow banking- it symbolizes one of the many failings of the US financial system leading up to the current financial crisis.  It is referred mainly to nonbank financial institutions that engaged in what economists call maturity transformation. Commercial banks engage in maturity transformation when they use deposits, which are normally short term, to fund loans that are longer term. Shadow banks do something similar. They raise  (mostly borrow) short-term funds in the money markets and use those funds to buy assets with longer-term maturities. But because they are not subject to traditional bank regulation, they cannot—as banks can—borrow in an emergency from the Federal Reserve (the US central bank) and do not have traditional depositors whose funds are covered by insurance; they are in the “shadows.”

There are now myriad types of entities in the US, performing these intermediation functions, and they are growing all the time. During the financial crisis, investors became skittish about what those longer-term assets were worth and many withdrew their funds at once. To repay these investors, shadow banks sell assets. These “fire sales” generally reduce the value of those assets. 

But in the US, real banks were caught in the shadows, too. Some shadow banks were controlled by commercial banks and for reputational reasons were salvaged by their stronger bank parent. In other cases, the connections were at arm’s length, but because shadow banks had to withdraw from other markets—including those in which banks sold commercial paper and other short-term debt—these sources of funding to banks were also impaired. And because there was so little transparency, it often was unclear who owed (or would owe later) what to whom.

The share of the US dollar assets in the foreign exchange reserves of global central banks, a sign of the dollar's supremacy, dropped to 59 percent in the fourth quarter of 2020 - a 25-year low, the IMF reported last May. The share further dropped to 58.88 percent in the first quarter of 2022, IMF data showed.

Thus, because of the US crisis, the Chinese aphorism “hide your capability and bide your time” has become popular in much of Eurasia’s national currency transitions. President Biden's absurd declaration that COVID is over, makes it clear that the economy is also sick.

© Ramachandran