TAMBARAM AND MURDER OF KING BALARAMA VARMA

The 'Crown Prince' was sentenced to Death
When Colonel John Munro arrived in October,1810 at Thiruvananthapuram, as Resident of Travancore,the first intrigue he had to deal with, was the murder of the reigning King Avittam Thirunal Balarama Varma and the issue of succession.The murder of the King happened on 7 November,1810,within days of  arrival of Munro,and for the first time, it took three months to decide on the new ruler;the practice till then,was to crown the successor immediately.
There was a 'crown prince' then:Visakham Thirunal Kerala Varma of Mavelikara Arattukadavil Koyikal family,which originally was a branch of the Chenga Palace of Kolathiri of Malabar.They had left Malabar,during the siege of Tipu Sultan.Kerala Varma, was the son of princess Atham Thirunal.

Colonel John Munro

The younger sisters of Atham Thirunal,Bharani Thirunal and Uthram Thirunal were adopted to the Attingal mother branch of the Travancore royal family in 1789 as Senior Queen and Junior Queen respectively;since Atham Thirunal was married at that time,she was not adopted,but she stayed with the sisters at Sripadam Palace,Thiruvananthapuram.The independent territory of Attingal had merged with Travancore in 1748,at the insistence of Marthanda Varma,by a Silver Plate Treaty,with the last Queen Pururuttathi Thirunal (death in 1788)which had a condition that,in the absence of an offspring in  Travancore,an unmarried girl should be adopted from Kolathunad to Attingal;the succession on the death of a King would descend to the elder son of the Queen of Attingal.These are the four clauses in the agreement:
1.Only unmarried princesses could be adoptees.2.that only the princesses of Kolathunad were eligible for adoption.3.that the adoptees would be members of the Attingal family.4.that the eldest male member born of the princesses so adopted would in due time rule as King.
It is evident from this treaty why Atham Thirunal and her son were not adopted;she was married and already had a son ,Kerala Varma.He didn't have legal claim to the throne.
When Dharmaraja Rama Varma was on the gaddi,the issue of the absence of a crown prince was raised,when the then crown prince Ravi Varma died,and only Balarama Varma remained.So,when Balarama Varma succeeded in 1782,on the death of Dharmaraja Rama Varma,there was no heir;the King was only 16.The move on the part of the King and his coterie to get his friend,Visakham Thirunal Kerala Varma to be adopted to Attingal,was thwarted by the Queen,Bharani Thirunal.She had two daughters:Ayilyam Thirunal Gouri Lakshmi Bai and Uthratathi Thirunal Gouri Parvathi Bai.Bharani Thirunal refused the adoption of Kerala Varma,since she expected a son any time,who could be the King.Lakshmi Bai used to call Kerala Varma,Annan,meaning,elder brother.
During Dharmaraja,the virtual ruler was,the Dewan or Prime Minister,Raja Kesavadas.When Balarama Varma succeeded,Kesavadas was poisoned to death and Jayantan Sankaran Nambudiri became the Dewan.He pressurized the Queen to adopt Kerala Varma, she agreed,and it was done in 1796.After that,she conceived,and had a son.But,when Bharani Thirunal died in 1808,Kerala Varma did the funeral rites.Gouri Lakshmi began staying at Nedumangad and Karthikapally.

Balarama Varma

Dewan Velu Thampi had committed suicide a year ago, in February ,1809,after a failed attempt to assassinate the Resident, Colonel Colin Macaulay.Ummini Thampi had assumed the position of Dewan,after Thampi's rebellion was crushed.His Prime Minister,Mallan Pillai had entered the shelter of Thampi at Mannadi,just before the suicide,to capture,Thampi.Only Thampi's younger brother,Raman Thampi was with him.Two brothers of Velu Thampi,Raman Thampi and Kumaran Thampi were jailed;Raman Thampi died in jail.Another brother,Kunjupiratti Thampi,escaped to Madras;he was captured there and jailed(few historians have said,Velu Thampi had a brother called Padmanabhan Thampi-it is wrong).
Kerala Varma was the sworn enemy of the new Dewan,Ummini Thampi;Kerala Varma was very friendly with  King Balarama Varma and was calling the shots.Velu Thampi used to take his orders;they had met thrice in Kollam,and had plotted against Macaulay.The final meeting was in November,1808,a month before the assassination attempt against Macaulay.He was on his way to Kumaranallur Temple,to take part in the Karthika festival.Thus,Kerala Varma was considered a man of intrigues, by the East India Company.They never liked him.
King Balarama Varma and Ummini Thampi,suspected each other;Ummini Thampi was denied access to the Commander of King's own guards,Subedar Kumara Pillai.That the King was virtually a hostage,has been recorded by the Resident of Thanjavur,William Blackburn,who administered Travancore,briefly,during Velu Thampi's rebellion.Ummini Thampi even refused to conduct the ritual of Murajapam,which was taking  place at an interval of six years.The King dismissed Ummini Thampi for this in October,1809-it could not be implemented by the King.Ummini Thampi,a drunkard,was very loyal to Resident,Macaulay.
Finally,Ummini Thampi conducted the ritual nominally,without inviting the King.
Ummini Thampi banished the King's favorite consort from Thiruvananthapuram,to her native place,Arumana.She was a spy of Velu Thampi,who had informed him of the plot to kill Subbayyan,the Kingdom's representative at the Residency.He,a favorite of Macaulay,was killed by mercenaries of the King and Kerala Varma,while  on a journey to meet Velu Thampi,in Kollam.

Balarama Varma(right)and Velu Thampi(left)

Macaulay wrote to the Madras Council,saying Kerala Varma had been brandishing a pistol,he acquired, to kill Ummini Thampi. The letter Macaulay wrote on December 06,1809,recommended the banishment of Kerala Varma, either to Mavelikara,or Alapuzha.The diary entry of Macaulay during the time,reveals that the usually belligerent Kerala Varma met Macaulay and broke down during the conversation.He was afraid that he would be poisoned.The Commander of the Subsidiary Force,Colonel H S Scott recorded that the King has devised a plot to kill Ummini Thampi.It was true.The King asked Ummini Thampi to call a conference at Thiruvananthapuram, to discuss administrative matters.A decision was made to kill Thampi,at Kazhakuttam,while on his way to Thiruvananthapuram,from his head quarters at Kollam.He was informed of the plot by Kerala Varma Thirumulpad of Cherthala,husband of Thampi's mother's sister,Parvathy Thankachi of Puthumana amma veedu.Irayimman Thampi,the poet was her son,and she was the daughter of Makayiram Thirunal Ravi Varma,younger brother of Dharmaraja.Thampi conducted the meet at Kollam itself.
A situation arose in which one would be murdered-the King or Thampi.
Munro arrived precisely at this point.
Though Munro was appointed as Resident on 10 March,1810,he could assume duty only in October,because of a mutiny in Madras Army,in which he was involved.In the army,a Major next becomes Colonel;but when Munro was just 27,from Major,he was promoted to the post of Quarter Master General,overlooking seniors.Colonel St Leger,who had commanded the army detachment from Trichinopoly against Velu Thampi, was one of the officers who protested.

George Barlow

As Quarter Master General,Munro sent a report,on June 30,1807,against the prevailing system of tent contract.This was a system in which a British Commander commanding a native corps,received a permanent monthly allowance,alike in peace and war,on condition of providing the men under him,with suitable camp equipage whenever required.This involved purchase of camping equipment s,which involved embezzlement by officers.Munro recommended abolition of this system and to compensate the Commanders with enhanced batta.This report,submitted to the Commander in Chief of Madras Army,Sir John Cradock,got leaked.Cradock had agreed to abolish the system.When the report became public,there was unrest in the army.Lt General Hay Macdowall,who succeeded Cradock,resented the report and placed Munro under arrest,to be court martialled by the succeeding Commander-he was leaving Madras.Munro appealed to the Madras Council,and was released by Governor General,George Barlow.Macdowall questioned the order and termed Munro writing directly to the Governor,as contempt of authority,and condemned him.This prompted a counter order from the Council,and there was mutiny.It was crushed on 23 August.Macdowall was lost at sea near Cape of Good Hope,in March,1809. Munro became quite unpopular among the officers.

John Cradock

On his arrival in Thiruvananthapuram,Munro met the King 2-3 times immediately.Within days,the King died of dysentery.He was poisoned.The Prime Minister,Mallan Pillai,a loyalist of Thampi,wrote to the Governor George Barlow that Munro's own physician was treating the King,meaning,Munro killed the King.Munro,while retaining Thampi as Dewan,had divested him of his powers.Mallan Pillai,thus had an axe to grind.
The very next day,after the murder of the King,Lakshmi Bai rushed from Karthikapally to Thiruvananthapuram and met Munro,in the Residency at Poonthura.It was Macaulay who had shifted the Residency to a commercial building at Poonthura.They brought the Silver Plate agreement of Marthanda Varma to the notice of Munro and argued that Kerala Varma's adoption was not proper;he thus,should not be allowed to succeed Balarama Varma.Instead,she,Lakshmi Bai,as the eldest daughter of the erstwhile queen of Attingal,was the rightful heir.Kerala Varma should not be allowed to do even the obsequies!
There was an impasse.
Munro asked the Ettarayogam,the administrative body of the Padmanabha Swamy Temple,to take a decision.Marthanda Varma had done something called,thrippadi danam in the temple,whereby,the royal family and the King were just the representatives of the God.It was,politically a clever ploy to cheat the Company-if the Company moves against a King,it would be a move against the God!
On the fourth day after the murder,Ettarayogam met inside the Temple,since the presiding officer,Pushpanjali Swamiyar,was not allowed to move out. Tantri Tharananallur Nambudiripad,scholars and Hindu leaders were also invited to the meet.When a decision was made,they rang the temple bell and read out the decision:Kerala Varma was adopted to the Attingal family 12 years ago;males have been adopted to the royal family,even before.Queen Aswathy Thirunal Umayamma had adopted Kottayam Kerala Varma.Marthanda Varma's nephew,Rama Varma was adopted from Kolathunad along with his two sisters.So,Kerala Varma,should be the new King.
Munro agreed to convey the decision to the Madras Council.Till a final decision, Tantri was asked to do the King's religious duties.
Meanwhile,Munro shifted the Residency from Poonthura to Krishnan Kovil Thopu,at Manacaud.Princess Lakshmi,who was just 19,became a frequent visitor there(her sister was just 9).The People nick named the place,Sinkarathopu, or the romantic avenue.Munro,fearing a scandal and the backlash,shifted the Residency,to Nilakkamukku,6 kilometers away from Attingal.Thus,he moved away from Thiruvananthapuram.
Munro had also banished Rajaraja Varma Koyil Thampuran,husband of Lakshmi to his native place,Changanacherry.We do not know whether it had anything to do with a romantic interlude.That poor husband was definitely not a history sheet er.

Queen Lakshmi Bai

Apart from being the Resident,Munro had been the Dewan too,in both Travancore and Cochin.I have read the long letters of Munro,regarding  this to the Madras Council-in the letters,Munro observes,both the Queen of Travancore and King of Cochin said there is no one who has the right credentials to fill the post of Dewan,and they requested Munro to take up that post too.I began suspecting Munro first,after reading these letters.We always had Dewans from Madras.So there is no substance in saying,there is no one efficient in the respected native countries.Munro,definitely had his own game.
He dragged the succession  issue for three months,though the Madras Council had already conveyed a decision,prompted by Munro.
The King had to be present for all the important rituals in the temple.The Bhadradeepa prathishta was done by the Tantri;Kerala Varma was called for Rohini pattathanam, giving a hint on the successor.Ettarayogam went for Munro's jugular,when they insisted on a successor,to raise the flag for the temple festival,of Meenam 18.Munro replied that a decision was made on the the 3rd itself,and Kerala Varma can collect the order from the Residency.Varma went happily,but was flabbergasted,when he read the order.It said, his adoption was invalid,and,Lakshmi,is the successor!
Varma was arrested there itself,sent to Vadakke palace as a hostage.He was sent to Thalassery ,and then to a small village near Madras.He was not allowed to take part in the first death anniversary ceremony of Balarama Varma and he was not allowed to see his grand mother,when she wished.

Rajaraja Varma

A conspiracy was hatched by some people in the Kollam military camp,in May,1812,to assassinate the Resident.In the conspiracy led by Jamedar Sheikh Hussain,two Havildars,one Naik,26 soldiers and one Fakir took part.The decision was to kill the British officers on May 22,while they were having dinner-it didn't take place because of the absence of one person.They had plotted to set fire to the barracks.Their intention,it was said,was to make Kerala Varma the King and, for a brief period, to retain Ummini Thampi, as Dewan.Thampi would be replaced by Hussain,later.
During the trial,several names who were behind the conspiracy,cropped up,including,Kerala Varma,Ummini Thampi,the crown prince of Karthikapally,the Cochin King and the Queen of Travancore.Sheikh Hussain,19 Muslims and 10 Hindus were executed after the trial.Kerala Varma and Ummini Thampi  were sentenced to death by the appeal court,presided by Munro.But the Resident in him wrote to the Council to waive the sentence,to life imprisonment.
Ummini Thampi was deported to Chengalpet and then to Nellore,as hostage.He wished to take his consort Uma,along with him,which the Queen shot down;she had become his arch rival.Ummini Thampi's brother was converted as Samuel Thampi,by Ringeltaube,the first missionary.Ummini Thampi was the grand son of Dharmaraja's younger brother,Makayiram Thirunal Ravi Varma,who died in 1786.Ravi Varma had a consort in Puthumana house.Her only daughter ,Parvathi Pillai married Kerala Varma of Cherthala Palace.Irayimman Thampi (real name Ravi Varman),the poet, is her son.Ummini Thampi(real name,Iravi Marthandan Thampi),was,the son of, Irayimman Thampi's mother's sister.There is every chance that this sister was not from Puthumana,since,Makayiram Ravi Varma had a single daughter from his Puthumana consort.English records say,Ummini is the son of Dharmaraja!

Rukmini Bai

Lakshmi Bai (1791-1815),died at the ripe age of 24.She had become weak after she delivered her second son,Uthram Thirunal,who became King during 1846-1860.Of course,her first son was,the great Swati Thirunal.She had a daughter too:Gouri Rukmini Bai ,born in 1809.Lakshmi Bai was Queen for three years,during,1810-1813.She was Regent from 1813 till her death in 1815,for Swati Thirunal.The marriage of her sister,the Junior Queen,Parvathi Bai ,was celebrated at Attingal,in 1813.Rajaraja Varma belonged to the Neerazhi Kovilakam in Changanacherry,which had originally come from Parappanad,Malabar,during Tipu's siege of Malabar.He was a poet and translator,with equal fluency in English and Sanskrit.Queen Lakshmi built the Lakshmipuram Palace at Changanacherry,for him and members of his family.His daughter,Rukmini Bai married Thiruvalla Paliakara Punartham Thirunal Rama Varma.
Munro left Travancore in 1819,to Scotland.Returned in 1924 to Madras and became Major General.He left service after a fever,went back to Scotland in 1831,bought his brother Captain Hew's estate and re opened the distillery of malt whisky , there. 
Munro leaving Travancore,has some mystery to it;during 1817-1820,the whole of Kerala was surveyed for natural resources and land patterns by Lieutenants Ward and Conner.A Conservator was appointed for the first time,to monitor the falling of timber and cardamom inside the forest.The first independent Conservator of Forests in Travancore,was,Munro's son,Urban Verres Munro.There would have been definitely a conflict of interest,if Munro had continued,as Resident.U V Munro's son,John Daniel Munro, was Superintendent of Forests,later.
The small village,where Kerala Varma stayed near Chennai, came to be known as,Thamburan Puram,and later,Tambaram.
Reference:
1.Dewan Velu Thampi & the British/Dr B Sobhanan
2.Ummini Thampi/T K Vijayamohan/Journal of Kerala Studies Vol V
3.A Little Known Event in the History of Travancore/B N Mehta/Journal of Indian History,Vol XXIX part I
4.British Diplomacy and Administration in India-1807/S R Bakshi
5.The White Mutiny/Sir Alexander Cardew
6.My posts on this blog,Chempil Arayan's Attack on Macaulay,Murder of Raja Kesavadas, and,The Rise and Fall of Thachil Mathu Tharakan   
7.Essays on Travancore/Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer
  
SEE MY POST,VELU THAMPI,PEPPER AND MACAULAY


 



 



 

BAMBOO AND BUTTERFLY: A MALABAR WOMAN FOR BRITISH RESIDENT

The Amazing Life of a Thiyya Woman

She shared three males,among them a British Resident and a British Doctor.The Resident's British son became a renowned Lepidopterist,collector of butterflies,and the grand daughter of the Thiyya woman, a globally acclaimed Botanist.This happened in 19th century Kerala.The Resident was none other than John Child Hannyngton(1835-1895) who signed the famous Mullapperiyar dam agreement for 999 years,with Kerala and the Doctor,Lt Colonel WG King(1851-1935),in whose name,the famous King's Institute of Preventive Medicine,was established in Madras.

JC Hannyngton

The woman will be never known:she was Kunhi Kurumbi of Kuruvayi house, Thalassery in Kannur district of Kerala,in Southern India.She was born in 1845,was at first partner of  Hannyngton,then King,finally a Nair,and mothered,Kalyani,Martha Fewkes,Devi Krishnan,Kuruvayi Govindan King,Krishnan King.Martha and Devi were Hannyngton's children and the two Kings,belonged to King.Dewan Bahadur E K Krishnan ,first Malayali Deputy Collector of Malabar,married Devi and,Dr E K Janaki Ammal,Botanist,Geneticist and global Plant Geographer,whom India honored with Padmasri in 1957,was,their daughter.

I knew there was a Thiyya Kingdom in Kannur,till 1905,the males of which married the excommunicated higher caste women in Kerala.Seeing two names,Govindan King and Krishnan King,I wondered whether they were kings from the family,and further research led me to Hannyngton and King!

Hannyngton comes to Malabar

Hannyngton was born in Barrackpore,West Bengal,on 23 September 1835,as the son of Major General John Caulfield Hannyngton and Harriet.John Caulfield(1807-1885) was a celebrated General,with pious habits.He entered Indian Army Service in 1825 as a cadet in the 24th Regiment of Native Army.He got a political appointment as in charge of the Manbhoom Division,on Southern Frontier and was made Judicial Commissioner in 1842.He went back to regimental duty when he was promoted as Lt Colonel,in 1856,and posted to 63 BNI.He was in Berhampore at the time of the 1857 Mutiny,and 63rd didn't mutiny,but was disarmed.

He retired as Military Auditor General in 1861.He was appointed Asst Secretary of Finance in the India Office,remained in the position,till his death.His interests were Astronomy and navigation,one of the first officers to use,Thomson's Arithmometer.He devised the Table of Haversines,to compute distances for Nautical Almanac.He was associated with the Bengal Military and Orphan Funds,tirelessly working for widows and orphans.

John Arthur

J C Hannyngton married Laura Elisabeth and had seven children,Major General John Arthur Hannyngton,Patrick,William Onslaw,Frank and Agnes Bernice among them.Frank Hannyngton was the Lepidopterist.

Hannyngton Butterfly

Lt Col JC Hannyngton's career in India was,during 1857-1892.He began as a Writer,and was sent as Assistant to Collector/Magistrate,Trichy in 1859,and from there,moved to Malabar in 1861.He was in Malabar for 10 years.After becoming a Judge,John Hannyngton was Resident of Travancore and Cochin four times:20 February1878-March 1879,1 April1881-May 1883,15 August1884-July 1887 and 7 October1888-July 1890.When he was Acting Resident,on behalf of Ayilyam Thirunal,Dewan Nanu Pillai wrote to him,on 13 November 1878,that the King was willing to sent a Nair Brigade to help the British in the second Anglo-Afghan war,of which,Hannyngton Senior was a Commander.J C Hannyngton was very much involved in the palace intrigues between Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma and his brother,Visakham Thirunal Rama Varma,and he with Dewan A Seshaih Sastri,had plotted to oust,Dewan Peishcar,P Sankunni Menon,who wrote,History of Travancore from The Earliest Times.

WG King

Hannyngton was arbitrator in five territorial cases between Travancore and Cochin.His verdict favored Travancore,only in one-it was the Thachudaya Kaimal case of Irinjalakuda.Thachudaya Kaimal was a representative of the Travancore to the Koodalmanikkam Temple there,in whom vested all the spiritual and temporal affairs of the Temple.Since the temple stood in Cochin territory,Cochin questioned the right of Travancore,in nominating the Kaimal,when the then Kaimal died,in 1850.Cochin contented that Travancore can nominate him,only if a repair is needed to the temple building.On March 19,1881,Hannyngton held Cochin's contention,untenable.Among the other four cases,three were Devaswom cases,pertaining to,Elankunnapuzha,Annamanada and Peruvanam,and the fourth one,related to,Idiyaramed.

Sir Grant Duff,Governor, finds Hannyngton in Kerala

Sir Mountstuart E Grant Duff,who was Governor of Madras,mentions Resident Hannyngton 

in his book,Notes From a Diary,Kept Chiefly in Southern India,1881-1886.They went to Courtallam,on 12 September 1882,on a picnic.While in the Travancore Residency,Mrs Davies,wife of Colonel Davies,showed the Governor,an ornament made of the claws of a tigress,which her husband had shot in Coimbatore,after it had killed 130 people."Mr Hannington saw the same Colonel Davies shoot a tiger which had sprung on the back of a young elephant and was trying to kill it",the Governor records.Grant Duff extensively toured Kerala then.

King and his English wife in Burma(1904)

Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff(1829-1906)was son of the British Historian,James Grant Duff(1789-1858),who was Resident of Satara,in British India,at the salary of Rs 3500(2000+1500 as allowance),in 1818.He named his son,Mountstuart Elphinstone,in honor of the Resident of Poona by that name,who helped him to rise in service.Sir Grant Duff was sent as Under Secretary of the State of India,(1868-1874),after he became a British MP.

Sir Grant Duff

He was Under Secretary of Colonies(1880-'81)before becoming Governor of Madras(1881-1886).He records the visit of Travancore King,Visakham Thirunal,and a return visit,in his book.Both the Kings of Travancore and Cochin were present when he took over, as Governor. Grant Duff built the Marina,in Chennai beach.As Under Secretary,the massacre of 5o rebelled Kukas sparked off an outrage in Parliament,and Grant Duff was compelled to own responsibility. Kukas are Namdhari Sikhs,and they attacked Malerkotla,princely State in Sangrur,Punjab,on 15 January,1872.As Governor,he was criticized for mishandling Chengalpet Ryots case(1881-'83 )and Salem Hindu/Muslim riots(1882). The Ryots in Chengalpet filed a case against the Tahsildar for extortion,the Court punished him,but Governor Grant Duff,Acquitted him.His son,Adrian,Colonel of Black Watch was killed in the first battle of Aisne in 1914,and another son,Neill,was shot down over France in 1940,whilst with RAF.

Patrick

Grant Duff had a liking for Hannyngton, and during Visakham Thirunal,Hannyngton was made,Secretary of Madras State.On 29 October 1886, a lease indenture for 999 years, on Mullapperiyar was made between Visakham Thirunal and British Secretary of State for India,and the agreement was signed by Dewan V Rama Iyengar of Travancore and Hannyngton.From a letter written by Travancore King,Sri Moolam Thirunal,dated 4 January 1893,to his Commercial Agent,John Rohde,we under stand that,Hannyngton and his wife were staying at Bolghatty Palace at that time,to settle a border dispute between Travancore and Cochin.At the installation speech in 1888,King Rama Varma of Cochin(1888-1895),the king who died in Chingam,had mentioned Hannyngton,as a friend.Hannyngton died in March 1895,at Lewisham, London.

He was a King in Tropical Medicine

Devi Krishnan

Walter Gawen King(1851-1935) was the son of John Henry King and Laura of Greenwich.He did his Medicine from Aberdeen and joined India Medical Service as a Surgeon in 1874.He arrived in India on 31 October, and was in the service for 36 years,and was Surgeon of the Duke of Buckingham,William Marret for a short period from 1876.He built the first Public Health department in the Indian Empire.His proposals for the re organization sanitary and vaccination departments of Madras Presidency were made in connection with the resolution of the first Indian Medical Congress held at Kolkata in 1894.Madras Registration of Births and Deaths Act 1899 was passed according to his proposals.  He was made a full Colonel in 1905 and he retired in 1910.He was Professor of Physics in Presidency College,Madras and Professor of Hygiene in Madras Medical College.He was Special Sanitary Officer,Madras City,Superintendent of Mandalay Central Jail and Lunatic Asylum before appointed as Sanitary Commissioner,Madras.On promotion to administrative rank,he became Inspector General of Civil Hospitals and then Sanitary Commissioner in Burma.He was honored for the tremendous work he did during the Madras famine of 1876-'77,and 20 years later,during the famine as Sanitary Commissioner.He rejoined service during First World War as ADMS,Western Command,later, Consultant,Tropical Diseases Clinic at the Ministry of Pensions,and finally,Lecturer in Hygiene at Kings College,London.The King's Institute of Preventive Medicine at Guindy,Chennai,was started as a depot to treat small pox on 7 November 1899.King died at Hendon,in 1935.His books include,The Cultivation of Animal Vaccine(1891)and The Plague Inspector's Manual(1902).

William

King was a pioneer of tropical medicine in India.In the Presidential address to the Science Congress Association in 1915, W B Bannerman said:
Only one man in India had issued a warning to all Government officers within his jurisdiction,to be prepared for the introduction of Plague from China,where it had broken out in epidemic form in 1894.This man was Colonel W G King, at that time Sanitary Commissioner of Madras, after whom the King's Institute of Preventive Medicine at Guindy has been named by a grateful Government.

The King's Institute,Guindy

A report from Times of India,1 November,1897:
Surgeon-Lieutenant Colonel W G King has requested certain officers in Vizagapatnam, Bellary and Saidapet to report upon the possibilities of cultivating the "Soy Bean" with a quantity of which he furnished them. The "Soy bean" is,he states, probably the most nutritious form readily assimilable pulse at present known, and should it prove possible to introduce it widely in the Madras Presidency,it would prove of great advantage in jail,and also to the poor classes generally.

Correspondence of King in Burma shows Mrs King had painted 800 pictures of plants and fruits from Malabar Coast, Burma and Madras.Plants for this were imported to Burma from Malabar and Madras. Her name is not mentioned in any of his biographical sketches.

The Mystery meeting of Hannyngton and Kurumbi

Govindan

EK Krishnan

Hannyngton  met Kunhi Kurumbi,while he was Assistant and Magistrate at Thalassery.He was leading a double life,like most British civil servants.He was sent from Trichy to Malabar as, Officiating Head assistant,  Justice of Peace,in 1861.Next year ,he was invested with full powers of Magistrate.He was Special Assistant to Collector and Magistrate,and Acting Head Assistant,Malabar. In 1867, he became Acting Judge, Court of Small Cases, Thalassery,and Acting Civil and Sessions Judge,Thalassery, and afterwards,Kozhikode,in 1868.He went to London on leave for two years,in 1869, to return to Thalassery as, Judge,Court of Small Cases.Then he became acting Collector and Magistrate, Malabar, before moving to Guntur,Vellore and Salem.He took leave for two years in 1876, and on return,became Resident.Every British Trading Factory had a Surgeon attached to it,and King would have begun his career at Thalassery Factory, because,after joining the Indian Medical Service in 1874, he was in the Military for two years, meaning he reached Malabar, three years after Hannyngton left.Both Hannyngton and King, were geniuses, King 16 years younger,and it is not clear who handed over whom,and whether the Nair partner of Kurumbi had any role in the entire affair,or whether Hannyngton' s son Frank met Kurumbi when he was Assistant Collector in Malabar. But, it is certain that her life was much more robust than that of her partners! The family still has a couple of letters from Hannyngton.Patrick,Hannyngton's son,who became Commissioner of Police in Madras(1913)was born at Thalassery on 14 October 1871.

John Caulfield

Edavalath Kakkat Krishnan married,Kurumbi's daughter, Devi Krishnan(1864-1941),after becoming a Judge at 42,and she was 23 years younger to him.He had a first wife Kalyani and from both,he had 19 children,including Rao Bahadur E K Govindan,from Kalyani.Govindan became Agent Governor General of India,and Dewan of Pudukottai,later.Krishnan(1841-1907),after studies in the Provincial School,Kozhikode,entered Government service as English Writer of Civil Court,Thalassery in 1861.He became Malayalam Translator in Madras High Court in 1864, and passed BL next year.He was appointed Sub Judge in 1883,retiring in 1896.He was re appointed as Deputy Collector of Malabar in 1899,retired in 1901,to become Chairman of the Thalassery Municipality.

If Frank was a Lepidopterist,Krishnan wrote,Birds of Malabar and Birds of Thalassery,apart from,Life of Churia Cannan.He was very close to the first Malayalam Novelist,O Chandu Menon,and it was Krishnan who planted the century old Rain tree in the Thalassery cricket stadium,where the famous EK brothers of Edathil played some of their historic matches. 

Kuruvayi House of Kurumbi/Courtesy: Premnath T Murkoth

Matha becomes Martha and marries Fewkes

According to Prabha Stoneham,great grand daughter of E K Krishnan, and daughter of Cricketer Ambalavattath Haridas, former Chief Engineer, Kerala PWD, Martha, second child of Kurumbi from Hannyngton,younger sister of Devi, was adopted by James Austin Sausman and wife Elizabeth of Madras, around 1865, as a baby. Sausman was Superintendent of Monegar Choultry in Madras,"which offered shelter, food and raiment to the poor, lame, halt and blind of Madras,without reference to caste".  Matha, at that time,was a popular Thiyya name of Malabar.In all probability, it was christened to Martha, during baptism. Martha married Josiah Fewkes,a bank clerk of Madras in 1886, at the Baptist Chapel in Madras. Martha was 21 and Fewkes, 26. Their son, Harold Arthur Fewkes was born in March 1888 (death 1950). Martha died few days after a daughter was born in July, 1889.The baby girl died in August, of,diarrhea. The Kuruvayi family still preserves a letter written by Fewkes to Krishnan, his brother in law,informing him of the death of Martha.Fewkes sent a telegram after Martha's death  from Royapuram on 08 July, 1889, to Krishnan,who was in Kozhikode. Martha was 24. The family has a letter  from John Hannyngton too.

Telegram on Martha

Fewkes remarried in March 1891.Harold was baptized only in 1894.

E K Raghavan,after clearing FA from Victoria College,Palakkad, was sent by his step uncle Dr Govindan King to Burma.He got a job in Survey Department of Burma,in Rangoon and he kept the King connection alive.Here is a picture of Dr King,taken in 1907 at the studio of D A Ahuja,in Rangoon.

A Butterfly comes to roost on Sugarcane

Janaki Ammal

Edavalath Kakkat Janaki Ammal(1897-1984), daughter of Krishnan,loved sugar canes and bamboos more,developing their hybrid varieties. She grew up in the large house,Edathil, by the sea in Thalassery.She studied at the Queen Mary's College in Madras and Presidency College and had a passion for Cytogenetics. She taught at Women's Christian College, with sojourn as a Barbour Scholar at University of Michigan, from where she did her Masters in 1925. She came back to India as Professor of Maharaja's College of Science in Thiruvananthapuram, and after two years, joined as Geneticist at Sugarcane Breeding Institute,Coimbatore.She became asst Cytologist at John Innes Horticultural Institute, London, Cytologist, Royal Horticultural Society at Wisley and Nehru invited her in 1951 to re organize the Botanical Survey of India,as its Director General.

She continued her research on sugarcane and egg plant, collected various medical plants from the rain forests of Kerala. She headed the Central Botanical Lab at Allahabad, Regional Research Lab,Jammu,before settling down at Madras in 1970, as Emeritus Scientist at Centre for Advanced Study in Botany, Maduravoyal, doing field work, until her death in 1984. She co authored, The Chromosome Atlas of Cultivated Plants. Vinita Damodaran, of Sussex University has written a wonderful paper,Gender, Race and Science in Twentieth Century: E K Janaki Ammal and the History of Science.

Frank

Birds,bamboos and butterflies in one family.Frank Hannyngton(1874-1919), was the youngest child of Hannyngton. He passed ICS in 1897, was Assistant Collector in South Arcot, as well as Malabar.As Commissioner of Coorg in 1912, he was more interested in the butterflies there and published a paper on them in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society; as Post Master General in Bengal, he sent collectors into the Chumb Valley to know more about butterflies.There he found a new species of butterfly which he sent to Andrey Avinoff, who named the species, after Frank, as, Parnassius hannyngtoni. Andrej Nikollejewitsch Avinoff (1884-1949), the Russian Entomologist,was one of the world's greatest butterfly collectors,and Director of Carnegie Museum of Natural History for 20 years.Frank also made collections of butterflies of Kumaon.He married Magdeleine, daughter of Col Willoughby Edward Gordon Forbes,in 1905. He died in Bombay and was in the executive committee of the Natural History Society, till his death.

Reference:

1.Early History of Soybean and Soyfoods Worldwide 1024 BCE-1899/William Shurtieff,Akiko Aoyagi
2.The Shaping of Indian Science 1914-1947,Vol 1 
3.Notes From A Diary,Kept Chiefly in Southern India 1881-1886/Sir Mountstuart E Grant Duff 
4.I am indebted to Premnath T Murkoth,for the pictures of the Kings,Kuruvai House,the telegram on Martha & a lot on the Kerala roots.

© Ramachandran 

See my Post,FIGHT AND FRUSTRATION:THE BIRTH OF A HISTORY

FIGHT AND FRUSTRATION:THE BIRTH OF A HISTORY

He spurned Dewan's post,to write History

In Travancore,when the brothers,the King Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma(1860-1880) and heir apparent,Visakham Thirunal Rama Varma(1880-1885) quarreled,several officers found themselves at the receiving end.One among them was Dewan Peishcar P Sankunni Menon (Shangoonny Menon  in English records),and when at the height of the war between the brothers,he was offered the post of Dewan,he resigned his job,and wrote,A History of Travancore from The Earliest Times.Later,his son,K P Padmanabha Menon,surpassed his father as a Historian,by writing,History of Kerala and History of Cochin.

Sankunni Menon had entered Travancore service at the salary of Rs 10 a month during King Swati Thirunal(1829-1847)and rose to become one of the four Dewan Peishcars,as a loyal and honest officer.Two years after Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma(1846-1860) ascended the throne,the King received a letter from Madras Government(1849),on the great exhibition planned in London in 1851,on produce,manufactures and arts of the countries of the Empire.The letter asked for a contribution from Travancore.The King formed a Committee,with Resident Major General W Cullen,Dr Paterson,Durbar Physician,Kohlhoff,Judge of Apellate Court and Raman Menon,Dewan Peishcar as members.Sankunni Menon was its Secretary.An ivory State Chair,in the shape of a throne was already under construction,by artisans,for the use of the King,and it was decided to sent it to London,and gift it to the Queen after exhibition.The happy Queen sent an acceptance letter to the King,which was presented by General W Cullen,Resident,in the Durbar,to the King,on 27 November,1851.A sketch of this was published by the Illustrated London News,on 31 January,1852.

General Cullen presenting letter of Queen Victoria to Uthram Thirunal

Though the King Ayilyam Thirunal had faith in Sankunni Menon,after the exit of Dewan T Madhava Rao,the new Dewan A Seshaiah Sastri and the Resident John Child Hannyngton got themselves involved in the palace intrigues,and they began to view Menon with suspicion.Rao had to quit as a victim of palace politics,and Seshaiah was his class mate.Amaravathi Seshaiah was born in a poor family in Amaravathi,Thanjavur,and he had moved to Madras,while at 9,with his uncle,Gopala Iyer.After degree,he enterd revenue service as Clerk in 1848,and was a Tahsildar,when he was appointed Dewan of Travancore,in 1872.He quit after receiving an anonymous letter on a plan to finish him off,by the King Ayilyam Thirunal.The letter was written by Kerala Varma Valiya Koyil Thampuran, the poet and play wright,the friend turned foe of the King.He admitted author ship of the letter later.

Ivory Chair sent to Queen Victoria

It was Hannyngton,as State Secretary of Madras,who signed the Mullapperiyar agreement of 999 years,with Travancore Dewan,V Rama Iyengar, later in 1886,during Visakham Thirunal.

There were people jealous of Menon's proximity to the King.When Hannyngton complained to the King about Menon,the King told him that he,as someone who had known Menon for long,has complete faith in Menon,and he doesn't believe in the scandals.Hannyngton pressed for the removal of Menon once again,stating old age as reason.The King silenced him by saying,Menon has been given additional charge of Kollam Division,since Kollam Peishcar Rama Rao has gone on leave.

K P Padmanabha Menon

Upset with scandal mongers,Menon gave a written complaint to the King.Here is the King's reply dated 9 April,1877.

My dear Peishcar,

I was quite delighted with your letter and its enclosure.Be assured that you shall always have my unqualified support,kindness and protection,as I cannot have a more truly loyal,attached and devoted servant and more faithful dependent than yourself.I have arranged with the Dewan for the continuance of the Military guard of which you had written.With best wishes,

Rama Varma.

Dewan Seshaiya

Dewan Seshaiah quit in 1877,became Dewan at Pudukottai(1878-1894).He became famous as builder of the city of Pudukottai and the Pudukulam Lake.He was Dewan Regent during 1886-1894.

After Seshaiah quit,the King asked for Menon's consent to be appointed in place of him.Menon told the King that writing  Travancore History was under way,and he would like to go on leave to complete it.It was completed and published in 1878.He didn't live long there after.

To complete the History,Menon built a home on the banks of Periyar river at Puthenvelikara,near North Paravur.It had a library and lit by the warmth of oil lamps, he would wade through information,collate it,and write down drafts,with the assistance of his son,Padmanabha Menon.In a letter to his son,Menon had said,"History would judge that my decision to spurn the offer of the post of Dewan for writing the book,was right".

Puthenvelikkara Home

When the  news of Menon's death came,the King said:"He was the pilot to all my journeys.He has gone as a pilot of my last journey!".

Sarvadhikaryakkar P Govinda Pillai,on behalf of the King,sent a letter of condolence, to K P Sankara Menon,Menon's son,on 18 March 1880(Sankara Menon wrote the biography of Kesari Balakrishna Pillai).Ayilyam Thirunal had went into a coma after the resignation of Menon,without signing the appointment order of,P Govinda Pillai,succeeding Menon.The King died on 30 May 1880.He followed the pilot.

Padmanabha Menon was a lawyer and an assistant to H H Shepherd,who was Advocate General in Madras.Shepherd was made a Judge of the High Court,later.Menon moved to Cochin,practiced at the appeal court,before moving to Travancore.He was a member of the Marumakathayam Committee, appointed to recommend changes in the laws pertaining to customs of Nairs.

Padmanabha Menon,known for his sedentary habits, finished writing History of Kerala(4 volumes)using a portion of Aluva Palace,in 1910.It was published only in 1924,five years after his death,on May Day,1919.KP Padmanabha Menon stayed at his mother Parvathy Amma's house at Edapally,Krishnathu Puthenveedu,which is still there at Blossom Road,Punnakkal.The Puthenvelikkara House was pulled down in the 1990s before it could be made a monument.

Reference:

1.Dewan Peishcar Sankunni Menon/R Kulathu Iyer

2.Sarvadhikayakkar P Govinda Pilla/P Damodaran Nair

See my Post,A GREAT POET AS HOSTAGE IN TRAVANCORE

THE GHOST OF MARAR EMERGES FROM THE SEA

Babu Paul saw the ghost in the Bath room!

Dr D Babu Paul has seen a ghost,only once,after he took charge as Cochin Port Trust Chairman on March 25,1984.It was not an ordinary ghost,but a VIP ghost,riding a black horse,in a three piece suit.

The first Chairman,the legendary Robert Bristow had left in 1941; the predecessors of Babu Paul were,Milne,Marar,Sreenivasan,Venkateswaran,Venkitaraman,Subramanya Iyer,KPK Menon,P S Padmanabhan,AKK Nambiar,U Mahabala Rao and T N Jayachandran.

Old Harbor House

The Port became operational on May 26,1928,when the ship,Padma entered the Port.Then the discussions on building  the wharfs  and other activities, were led in Shimla, by Joseph William Bhore,who was the Dewan in Cochin during 1914-1919.A Sub Committee,consisting of Sir C P Ramaswamy Iyer,Thej Bhadur Sapru,Cochin Dewan C G Herbert,Central Finance Secretary Allen Parsons and Finance Member Sir James Grig was formed,and they took all the decisions,in four sittings.According to an article A V Menon wrote in Malabar Herald,the King,Rama Varma XVI,the King who died in Madras(1914-1932),as he was known later,prayed publicly, before he gave the final sanction.A lamp with four wicks was lighted.Since the King was 70(born on 6 October 1858),he placed 71 silver coins on a bronze plate before the lamp.He closed his eyes and prayed for 10 minutes.He ended the prayer thus:"My God,Poornathrayeesa,every thing has been examined.Even then I beg you,nothing negative should happen to the State with this.If my signing this now,as an obedient servant of you, is wrong,please do pardon me!".70 silver coins were gifted to the people present.The King laid foundation to the fourth phase on 12 August 1936.

KWP Marar

Sir J W Bhore(1878-15 August 1960) joined the ICS in 1902,and is remembered as the Chairman of Central Health Survey and Standing Committee that chartered a course for public health investments and infrastructure in India.He was Under Secretary,Madras,when he was appointed Dewan of Cochin,succeeding A R Banerji.He was acting High Commissioner of India,during 1922-'23 and Secretary to the Simon Commission,in 1928.He married Margaret Wilkie/Stott in 1911.She died in Bhopal in May,1945,and Bhore died in Guernseu,Channel Islands,15 years later.

Babu Paul admits in his service story,Katha Ithu Vare(The Story So Far),that several ghosts haunted the Chairman,from the past.Then,shockingly,he records seeing the ghost of the former Chairman,KWP Marar!

Ever since I read about Marar in the book in 2008,I had been searching for information on Marar,and an image of him.I had mentioned him,in my post,Three English Mad Men. I spoke to Babu Paul,who said Marar's cricketer son,M P Govind,was his batch mate,in the Engineering College, Thiruvananthapuram-but they were not in touch.

The little information now I have on Marar,is from London and Assam.The London Gazette of 6 November 1928,records that,Kottil Walappil Parameswara Marar was selected to the Indian Civil Service,after open competition,on 4 October,1928.There were only 11 Indians in the list,three South Indians among them,only one Malayali.The other South Indians were,Nellicheri Swaminathan Arunachalam and Hundi Srinivasa Kamath.The Other Indians in Marar's 1928 batch:Santosh Kumar Chatterjee,Prasanta Chandra Chaudhuri,Manilal Jagdishbhai Desai,Ranjit Gupta,Karuna Kumar Hajara,Mohammad Karamatullah,Purushottam Mangesh Lad and Mulkraj Sachdev.

Babu Paul

Marar was the fourth Malayali to get into the ICS,after KPS Menon(1922),N R Pillai(1923), and M C B Koman.Pillai was the first Cabinet Secretary of Independent India.

Babu Paul told me that Govind belonged to Thrissur;there is a Kottil Valappil,in Kottapuram,Poothole,Thrissur.

The Edinburgh Gazette of 4 January 1935 records that Marar was given the New Year award of Kaisar-i-Hind Medal of the first class for public service,as Deputy Commissioner,Nowgong,Assam.

Marar was the second Chairman after Bristow,post 1947;till 1945,it was taken over by the Navy,during the Second World War.Marar belonged to Assam cadre of the ICS ,and was,,Superintendent of Census Operations,Secretary,Supply in Assam and Joint Secretary,Agriculture,Delhi,in 1944-'47 ,before he was appointed Chairman,Cochin Port Trust.Malayala Manorama of 31 July 1948,reports,Marar's appointment as,Administrative Officer,Cochin Port,and the three line report says,he belongs to Thrissur. 

Census and partition of Assam

Marar had a very controversial career in Assam,as Superintendent of Census Operations in 1941.The controversy finds a place in the book,India Divided (page 321)by the first President of India,Rajendra Prasad.The earlier census in Assam was in 1931,and compared to it,there was a fall in proportion in the 1941 census,in the whole of Christians,and to a less extend,in the case of Hindus and Buddhists.The explanation of Marar was that the previous census was on the basis of Religion,where as the 1941 census was on the basis of community.A Khasi will be a Khasi,not a Hindu or a Christian.

This is what we have in the book of Rajendra Prasad.When I read it,I was shocked:it meant,Marar,in the case of tribes,ignored conversion.So what would have happened in Assam?

An adjournment motion was moved by Provincial Congress Chief,Siddhinath Sarma,in the Assam Assembly,on 4 December,1941.

Port Trust Building,1948

Marar's census refrained from providing religious classification in Assam.The compilation for communities was done with reference to,"race,tribe and caste",not religion,as it was in the case of 1931 census.It evoked strong criticism;it led to debates in news papers and Assembly.Congress criticized the Government for manipulating the census.It was alleged that,it was under the Assam Provincial Government's insistence that Marar,as Superintendent,issued a special circular to the Deputy Commissioners and census officers in Assam,to compile a data on the basis of community.Marar wrote:

The basis for community is the answer to question S3,but generally the communities are,unavoidably mixed up and where community cannot be ascertained in answer to question 3,to question 4 will be the basis;eg,if a Kachari has not in answer to question 3 mentioned that he is a Kachari,and is returned under 4 as Hindu,Muslim or Christian,he will be shown as Hindu,Muslim or Christian as the case may be,but if he is returned as Kachari against question 3,he will be entered such,irrespective of his religion.

Saadulla

The Lahore Session of Muslim League,on March 24,1940,for the first time had adopted a resolution for Pakistan and partition.Though the term Pakistan,was not there,it termed,Muslim majority areas in the North Western and Eastern zones of India,as 'sovereign' and 'independent' states,and demanded a Muslim home land.

In the back drop of this,the census assumed added importance,since Assam had a Muslim League Chief Minister during 1939-1946,Moulavi Saiyid Sir Muhammad Saadulla(1885-1955).In Bengal too,it was alleged that the League Ministry had doctored the 1941 census to inflate the Muslim demographic strength.

Bhore with wife Margaret

Marar's Assam Tables is there,in Census of India,Vol IX,unscathed.

On a Black horse,in a three piece Suit

Marar's home in Cochin was,the present Port Trust Office,in Willingdon Island.He was poisoned to death after a few months of becoming the Chairman. After death,according to Babu Paul,Marar used to emerge from the sea, riding a black horse,travel by the side of the present Harbor House,to the old building.He was certain to rise from the sea,if it was a friday and new moon.If  the security guard was found,sleeping,he would beat him up with a Cain.The ghost Marar would go up to Malabar Hotel,then return  by the same route,to the Chairman's Jetty,to disppear into the perennial waters.

One day,Marar appeared in Babu Paul's bath room,wearing a three piece suit.It was a weekend,when Nirmala,his wife and children had gone to their native home.Babu Paul had returned from a dinner and was,alone.

Cochin Port Trust

Next day,Babu Paul searched for the pictures of former Chairmen,found a picture of Marar-Yes,the same person!He kept those pictures in his room,with admiration.Today Marar,maybe tomorrow,Vankataraman!Babu Paul,was not afraid of ghosts;but he felt,discretion is the better part of valour.

Babu Paul located Mrs Marar,and invited her to be present the next Republic Day.It was when she arrived with family,Babu Paul realized that the handsome cricketer Govind,who was called Thadiyan Govindan(plump Govindan) in the College,was Marar's son.Babu Paul shuddered when Leela Marar told him that,Marar's favorite hobby was riding horses.And he had a liking for black horses!Friday,new moon,black horse,the attack on the security guard,the apparition in the bath room-Babu Paul refrained from being alone at the Harbor House.He was haunted by the fear,till the death of his own father;there after,he found solace in the fact that he has a savior in the nether world.

There is a Marar Road in the Island,now.

"Was it a hallucination,after all"?,I asked Babu Paul."Maybe,maybe not",he said and went on to reminisce the discussions he had with the enlightened people at the time,hinting at the possible existence of ghosts.

It is past midnight, 1.08 AM now-I am.....a bit scared.Babu is distant, but,old Harbor House,for me,is just 20 minutes away!

Reference:

1.Katha Ithu Vare/Babu Paul
2.India Divided/Rajendra Prasad

3.Tribal Politics in  Assam 1933-1947/Suryasikha Pathak(teaches History at Assam University,Silchar).
4.Partition of Bengal and Assam,1932-1947:Contours of Freedom/Bidyut Chakrabarty 

Note:The image of Marar,was cropped by me from a Photo Division picture of the meeting of Indian Oil Seeds Committee,on 16 October 1947,presided by Minister for Commerce,C H Bhabha.

See my Post,THREE ENGLISH MADMENTHR